The Parisian club has now claimed the prestigious trophy on 14 different occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain required a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive Trophee des Champions title.
The European champions seemed to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the showdown featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the scoring in the opening stages.
Yet, the southern French side struck two times late to take a shock advantage. First, the English forward converted from the spot-kick, before the defender unfortunately turned the ball into his own net for an own-goal.
In a remarkable turn of fortune, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a crucial leveler in the dying moments to force the match into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the key figure, stopping decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
From the spot, Goncalo Ramos, the midfielder, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all scored successfully for PSG to complete a 4-1 shootout win.
The record winners Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 runners-up Marseille after achieving a domestic double, have now lifted this competition for the twelfth time in the past 13 seasons.